Media Stereotypes essays

Media Stereotypes essays Today, every one of us is spending more of his leisure time watching TV. The shows on the TV influence our decision process According to the established sense in the society, femininity and masculinity are tightly bound to gender. Men are supposed to be masculine. They are expected to be strong, rough, to have high stamina. They are not supposed to wear skirts (the Scots are an exception) but trousers, and should avoid colors like pink and violet. These are "feminine" colors. The man in the family is usually the person who should provide money and build a career. On the other hand, women are supposed to be tender and loving mothers and wives, to wear skirts and to walk on high eels. They are should not have a career, but should take care of the kids and the house. It seems that these perceptions have been existing forever. That is because from early childhood, we are thought by our parents that pink is for girls, and blue is for boys. The trucks and weaponry toys are for boys and the dolls are for girls. Than, it is not surprising that we accept gender stereotyping and try to fit in the rigid models of feminine and masculine. For example, women athletes and especially tennis players and basketball players are afraid of losing their femininity. These sports are famous for the large number of gay players that are involved. Because of that, the hetero athletes are a subject of suspicion of being gays. To avoid this they are trying to look more feminine. A basketball coach even had developed a term for this phenomenon"hetero-sexy." America has determined that there are just two kinds of people; men and women.Our society has decided that all people fit into these two groups, and has set forth rules that members of each group must follow. It has been dictated that all women are soft, caring, weak, and sensitive. They must care about others, be open and communicative, be emotional, and submit to men. However, what our society has...

What is Plotâ€Definition, Examples, and Expert Tips from Editors

What is Plots, and Expert Tips from Editors What is Plot? An Author's Guide to Storytelling So, what is a plot in fiction? Let's check your understanding with a pop quiz: which of the following is the best example of a plot?a. A boy finds a new family in a traveling circus run by orphans. b. An immigrant comes to the United States to start a new life. c. A king dies and then the queen dies out of grief. d. A high school girl discovers love from an unexpected source: a centuries-old vampire.If you picked c, you’re right.But what about a, b, and d? Well, strictly speaking, those are a mix of themes and premises, but the confusion is entirely understandable. Storytelling theory is packed with confusingly similar terms - and as you get further into the nuts and bolts of writing narrative, it helps to know the difference.This post is here to help make sure that you don’t lose the plot when you’re writing your own story. But before we get that far, let’s first define plot.What is plot?Plot is the chain of connected events that make up a narrative. It refers to what actually occurs in a story and is one of storytelling’s major pillars. Some will say that if characters are the who and theme is the why, then the plot is the what of the story. Remember that Goal + Flaw + Stakes = Compelling Narrative.Don’t forget about your character’s flaw, says editor Katie McCoach. â€Å"The flaw of a character must be the thing about them that needs to change in order to reach their goal at the end of the book, or another way of viewing it is to ask: what is their fear that keeps them from reaching their goals?† This should feed into the conflict of the story, which will be instrumental in guiding the structure.Don’t†¦Plot in a vacuum.Ever watch a movie or read a book where you shook your head because the characters were acting â€Å"out-of-character†? That author probably fell into one of the biggest temptations of plotting: letting the plot drive the characters. Avoid that, warns Aja Pollock, a former editor at Simon Schuster:â€Å"A lot of authors get the outline in their minds, but when the desires of their characters don't align with where the plot is going, rather than adjusting the plot or rethinking the characters, they shoehorn their characters into situations that don't make sense.†In other words, even plot twists  need to make sense first and foremost. Forcing the plot along will result in characters who behave falsely in readers' eyes - which will make the whole story seem hollow.What's your experience with plotting a book? Have any questions about anything related to plot? Leave us your thoughts in the comments below!

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Obesity - Essay Example Among Latinos, there was an increase from 12% to 24% in the same period (NHCSL 2010, p.11). This clearly shows that obesity is more prevalent in the minority Latinos as compared to the general American population. In socioeconomically challenged communities living in the United States, public health practitioners have observed an increase in frequency of obesity in latest years unlike in the past. Discussion For an individual to be obese, he or she has to accumulate a lot of fats in his or her body that are not needed hence causing a health problem in his or her life. Obesity can be detected in the early life of a child or an adult because of poor dietary habits. Hence, poor eating habits cause more obesity among children and adults than either genetic factors or physical activity. In the modern era, there is large numbers of people with obesity and even overweight, whereby, people’s eating habits have greatly changed leading to this health problem all over the world. Unlike i n the past where people used to cook at home, nowadays more people are turning to processed foods that they get from restaurants and other eateries. This has mainly been because of changes in lifestyles where parents have become busier with their jobs that they do not find time to cook or prepare meals at home. These processed foods contain more fats and calories than homemade foods thus increase the risk of obesity among children and even the adults who consume it. The eating habits of many children are uncontrolled since their parents are not with them when they are eating. On the other hand, parents are not teaching their children on healthy eating and thus children eat a lot of junk foods that tend to be sweeter or tastier, this also increases the risk of obesity. Obesity in childhood has been a major concern in most developed economies such the US. Despite the fact that children are less at risk of weight-related health problems than adults are, obese children are more likely t o suffer from chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart problems in their adulthood. Causes of Obesity Too much calorie intake; with the changing dietary habits, many families have abandoned healthy eating and foods such as fruits and vegetables and instead have turned to unhealthy foods such as red meat and other high calorie foods. Children are also eating uncontrollably, therefore, they end up eating more frequently and more food than the necessary one required by the body to function normally. Moreover, children are not trained on healthy eating habits; hence, they continue to eat indiscriminately, opting for foods that are either sweeter or tastier that also increase the risk of childhood obesity. Lack of physical activity; this has also greatly contributed to obesity among most children and even adults. Today, many children and adults are not doing exercises that burn excess calories in their bodies. Lack of physical activity is related to poor dietary habits since after t aking too much calories, individuals do not burn the excess calories through taking part in physical activity, and instead, they spend more time in doing less strenuous activities. Additionally, most children use cars to move from one place to another, even for short distances, instead of walking which would

Reading analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reading analysis - Essay Example Born in 1855, she would become one of the influential artists in the in the 20th century and the end of the 19th century (Stephen, Mcnamara, & Goad, 2006:66). In the beginning of the 20th century she moved to London. In the years that followed she visited France, Germany and Spain. At the age of forty eight she began writing anecdotes concerning modern art. In one of these anecdotes, she described how her mother discovered her talent at the age of twelve. At such a tender age, she exhibited her ability to depict objects in a way that resembles the actual object. This depicted her interest in surrealism, an attitude that she nurtured for the first after discovering her talent (Dixon, & Kelly, 2008:56). In a bid to nurture the young girl’s talent, the mother opted to enroll her in the traditional art school that offered her with training on how to use different art elements in promoting different artistic principles (Stephen, Mcnamara, & Goad, 2006:67). All through this period, it became evident that she depicted different objects in the indigenous nature, while making her a realist. She settled for Munich, but met the disappointment after encountering realists who had stopped active depiction of the realism ideals alongside ardent modernists. At this point of her career life, she valued realism and disregarded modernism. Although she refuted most of the modernist ideals of the time at first, the first six months were enough for her to identify aspects that she found compelling in German art (Dixon, & Kelly, 2008:56). The numerous art exhibitions organized in Germany served as the most critical motivation for her to begin to appreciate the artistic ideals of the modernists. After relocating to Paris later, she encountered the triumphant nature of realism. Apparently, there were many realists in Paris, who had not abandoned their ideals to form part of the modernists (Stephen, Mcnamara, & Goad, 2006:68). Summary of ‘Preston at Home’ Modernism a nd Neo-colonial Periphery Margaret Preston implemented precise artistic approaches to establish the importance of different characters in the society. During that time, Emily Carr and Irma Stern followed suit in providing artistic representations to emphasize on the theories of nature before and after the colonial period, and the events emanating from such transitions (Butler, 2005:201). Arguably, the three female artists established on the event of maturation to civilization in their specific societal settings. They successfully criticized the processes of colonization in relation to modernity and decried on the social inequities in their societies. Further, the artists observed freedom and equality as essential and emphasized on the ideology of emancipation from the antisocial practices of modernity through their artistic presentations. Their pictures reflected on the application of modern primitivitism through the reflection of past artistic practices, the foregoing cultural beli efs and norms. The practices affected the society as the artist reflected on the past colonial practices, but established little reflection of the diverse cultural practices in the human societies despite the fact that their representations established cross-border practices (Butler, 2005:202). Seemingly, the artists did not establish any adventurous outcomes

Beowulf by Seamus Heaney and the Anglo-Saxon poem Dream of the Rood Essay Example for Free

Beowulf by Seamus Heaney and the Anglo-Saxon poem Dream of the Rood Essay Fealty is one of the greatly-recognized values of the Anglo-Saxon world. Often defined as a type of loyalty or allegiance, fealty plays a more engaging and active role in Seamus Heaneys Beowulf than in the Anglo-Saxon poem The Dream of the Rood because of the way it causes action to be taken. Understanding the use of this Anglo-Saxon value can reveal its importance in Anglo-Saxon life and literature. In Beowulf, the main character Beowulf uses fealty to empower him to perform heroic deeds. This is shown through the actions that he makes: upon hearing of the attacks by Grendel, Beowulf rushes to the aid of Hrothgar, a friend of his fathers. Beowulfs father, Ecgtheow, previously killed Heatholaf, a member of the Wulfing tribe. According to Anglo-Saxon terminology and law, a debt or wergild must be paid to the relatives of the victim. Unable to pay this manprice (StudyGuide.org), Ecgtheow fled to avoid war. Hrothgar healed the feud by paying (Line 470) this debt which caused Beowulfs father to swear fealty to Hrothgar. It is this fealty that his father made that encourages Beowulf to follow up on an old friendship (Line 376) and assist Hrothgar by defeating Grendel. Another example where Beowulf uses fealty to act heroic is the decision to fight the dragon. Although this occurs in the older phase of Beowulfs life, his loyalty or fealty to the Geats as king of the people (Line 2513) obliges him to defend them, believing that its his duty. Conclusively, the utilization of fealty by Beowulf results in actions being carried out. The Anglo-Saxon value of fealty is also used by other characters in Beowulf to execute intrepid actions. The greatest example of this is the aid shown to Beowulf by Wiglaf during the battle against the dragon. During this battle, Beowulfs sword fails him and hes in need of assistance from the eleven comrades personally chosen for the encounter. However, excluding Wiglaf, that hand-picked troop broke ranks and ran for their lives (Lines 2597-2598). Wiglaf was the only warrior of the band who stood by his lord. In a sign of respect toward the heroic ideal of the Anglo-Saxon world that states that he is obligated to fight for their lord to the death (StudyGuide.org), Wiglaf interferes in the fight and they eventually defeat the dragon. This principle demonstrates how fealty is significant to  Anglo-Saxon life in the way it inspired Wiglaf to aid Beowulf. All in all, fealty is acutely used in Beowulf as a basis to which one could complete actions. In Dream of the Rood, fealty is shown by the cross to Christ but it doesnt play an actual role in the poem because the cross is an inanimate object and cannot use his fealty to protect his lord. In a sense, the fealty in this poem is more idealistic than in Beowulf since the cross has the determination and the eagerness to aid Christ during the crucifixion but he cannot interfere. This willpower is illustrated when Christ was placed on the Cross in preparation for the crucifixion. The cross states that although the ground shakes, it darednot against the Lords word/ bend or break (Lines 35-36). That provides the notion that the cross has the intention to help Christ because it bending or breaking would hinder Christ; the cross, by announcing that it wouldnt do such a thing verifies its fealty. Therefore, fealty is used in the poem as a concept, not as a reason for action. In conclusion, the application of fealty to the two Anglo-Saxon texts is evident but more significant in one then the other. Still, fealty contributes to both pieces of literature and its complex use exposes why it is so vital to Anglo-Saxon society. Works Cited Glenn, Jonathan A. The Dream of the Rood. University of Central Arkansas. May 2009 . Heaney, Seamus. Beowulf A New Verse Translation (Bilingual Edition). Boston: W. W. Norton Company, 2001. Beowulf StudyGuide.org. StudyGuide.org. May 2009 . Works ConsultedDictionary.com. May 2009 .

A Refining of Magnet Schools: The Segregated System :: Research Papers

A Refining of Magnet Schools: The Segregated System Magnet schools are designed to promote voluntary school desegregation and to enhance educational quality through thematic teaching of uniform curriculum (www.magnet.edu). Partially funded by the federal government through grants and assistance programs, magnet schools essentially provide choice to parents and students across America to gain a more specialized education. Intrinsically, magnet schools allow students from many different districts to unite in one school in hopes of creating a racially diverse learning environment. Despite the attempt made by the federal government to desegregate schools, Jonathon Kozol points out that, in fact, the magnet schools have even further isolated the poor urban student and that magnet schools have indeed failed to meet initial expectations as a desegregated environment. Yet desegregation is apparent in the areas of philosophy and purpose, admission and entrance to the schools, and curriculum. The initial proposal of the magnet school as a means to create racial equity among schools has been unsuccessful despite its statement of philosophy and purpose. â€Å"By shifting focus toward academic interests†¦magnet schools are attempting to bring together students who have common interests regardless of race† (www.liberalparty.com). However, despite its attempts, the system of magnet schools has failed to overcome racial segregation. Kozol notes that â€Å"very poor children, excluded from this [magnet] system, says the Chicago Tribune, are ‘even more isolated’ as a consequence of the removal of the more successful students from their midst† (Kozol 59). According to Kozol and the Tribune, the magnet system is further segregating the school systems by worsening the regular public schools in neighboring areas. What must not be forgotten are the existing schools that the less successful and less motivated students are left to attend, and the damaging effects that they face as a result of the magnet school system. In addition, in an evaluation of the Magnet Schools Assistance Program between 1989 and 1991, researchers â€Å"Steel and Eaton discovered that only half the schools met their desegregation objectives† (www.eric.uoregon.edu). Another study providing evidence that racial equity has failed to be realized through the use of magnet schools is in a recent statecommissioned evaluation of New York State’s magnet school program for 1993-94. The study â€Å"found that schools did not completely achieve their academic or desegregation goals† (New York State 1994- www.eric.urogen.edu). Legal critic Kimberly West has also concluded that â€Å"magnet schools are a ‘desegregation tool that backfired, are rife with racially segregated classes,’ and minority students are too often ‘treated as inferior by the very system that was designed to help them’† (www.

Report on Consumer Behavior of Soft Drinks Essay

INTRODUCTION Need for the study With the economic liberalization in India a number of global companies have been coming forward to invest in India and tapping perhaps and world’s biggest growing market. As the floodgates have been opened up for Multinational Companies, the global giant Coca-cola also decided to make an entry into the Indian market. In India, the per capita consumption of soft drinks is at rock bottom level even less than our neighboring countries Pakistan and Bangladesh, where it is four times as much. The last summer was particularly sweltering one, with temperatures hitting the high 40’s in some places yet; bottles were disappearing from shelves faster than they could be replaced. In the peak season, they found themselves short of capacity and having to turn around their trucks faster and faster to slake the greater Indian thirst. With growth rates zooming into the double digits, bottlers have been propelled into expanding capacities. With their big-time plans, the multinationals have changed the face of this business, long dominated by small-time businessmen. If demand continues to increase annually at an average of 20 percent, then volumes could reach one billion cases within ten years. 4 These arc ambitious targets and to reach them the cola makers will have to build capacity, infrastructure, make their bottlers more available and more affordable. There are 5. 00,000 retailers stocking soft drinks in India. Also, soft drinks which retail at any where between Rs. 9. 00 and Rs. 12. 00 are expensive when measured against purchasing power. As they concoct their strategies, keeping an eye on each other all the time, ultimately there’s only one guy they have to watch out for, who will determine their fortunes: the consumer. The real race to quench his thirst has just begun 5 Objectives of the study †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ To study about the consumer preference with regard to soft drink To study about the consumer perception with regard Coca — Cola To understand the Promotional Strategies To find out the medium which is most effective in reaching the consumers? 6 Research methodology. Data will be collected from a sample size 1000 and distributed over different areas by using simple Random Sampling. Random Sampling consists of 1. Demographic Segmentation 2. Sociocultural Segmentation 3. Use-Related Segmentation 4. Use-Situation Segmentation Analysis 1. Data Analysis is done both qualitatively and quantitatively. 2. The analysis is presented pictographically using bar graphs PERIOD OF THE STUDY: The period of the study is past one year 7 Scope of the study The new economic policies of the Govt. of India adopted in the mid eighties were given further impetus by the early nineties. The Indian market has undergone considerable changed as a direct consequence of many of these policies and soft drink industry is no exception to this. Keeping the above – mentioned perspective in the background, the researcher has selected soft drink market, since the marketing task his became more challenging and intensive competition has opened up new vistas. Companies are evolving marketing strategies by studying the demands of the market place increasingly penetrating into appropriate market segments introducing differentiated products to improve their market share. The soft drink market has achieved an accelerated growth in the past decade. Soft drinks include ail types of non – alcohol carbonated flavored or otherwise sweetened beverages. The entry of Pepsi and the reentry of Coca – Cola in the India market arc inevitably facing stiff competition but the ultimate winner is customer/consumer. This has led the researcher to study me perception of consumers towards different brands of soft drinks and to gauge out the 8 promotional strategic being adopted by the marketers to lure promiscuous buyers and win a larger share in the markets. The cola wars are intensifying and bringing manifold changes in the soft drink industry. The researcher has conducted a detailed survey, interpreting the responses to study the perception of the consumers. Now the people with changing life styles and increase in income levels have made the soft drink a common man drink. Liven through the existing system of marketing of soft drink has not tapped such a big market in the interiors of the country specially the rural areas, as marketing in the suburban and rural areas is developing slowly. Despite the soft drink industry is growing at a very healthy pace and stands at 18% per annum. The market for cool drinks comprises of adults in the 35 years age group who are largest consumers of the soft drink in the country followed by young adults in the age group of 15-25 years and children in the age group of 614 years hence, companies must develop their product and marketing slraleiues to suit their needs. Limitations of the study 1. The study is conducted with in the confines of the twin cities 2. The study made use of both the primary and secondary sources of information. The accuracy and authenticity of statistics depends of the accuracy of the second 9 source itself. Therefore, the limitation of the secondary source is also bound to be present in the analysis too. 3. In spite of all the care taken to translate the feelings and opinions of the respondents, the errors might creep into the study, may be because of the reason that consumers may fail to articulate their feelings properly. 4. Due to lack of time and finances, the sample size is confined to hundred only. The method adopted for sampling is convenient. Therefore, size and method implications are bound to be present in the findings. Hence, the findings cannot be taken for granted for generalization for the whole population. Study is confined to consumers belonging to age group between 20 — 25 years 10 CHAPTER-II COMPANY PROFILE 11 COMPANY PROFILE 2. 1 INDUSTRY PROFILE Soft drinks are typical and necessary consumer products, which are generally consumed by the individuals to quench the thirst and for a good flavour, and it is considered to be the symbol of social status. The two main reasons, which classify the soft drinks under consumer products, are their easy availability and their reasonable high degree standardization. Among the listed consumer goods (i. e. , perishable items) soft drinks is considered nonessential and as a luxury item. Soft drinks can be classified into two broad categories- carbonated drinks and noncarbonated drinks. Both have enormous market. In case of carbonated beverages the effectiveness of carbon-dioxide is the main factor in determining the quality. Cola, leman and orange are carbonated drinks while mango drinks come under non-carbonated category. A prolonged visible and sparking effervescence is sought after to produce soda taste in such drinks. The basic constituents of soft drinks are water, sweeteners, acidulates, flavorings, colorings, foaming agents and preservatives. The soft drink market is dominated by a few brands. Coca Cola and Pepsi products for example. 12 Soft drink industry in India has witnessed phenomenal growth in the recent past, particularly after the exit of Coca-Cola. The exit of Coca-Cola from India during the late seventies gave a bolter scope to several Indian soft drink companies to grow. These were a rapid growth in this industry but each one aggressively competed with one another to capture a major share in the market. The competition was very high even in terms of advertising. The perishable items like soft drinks need a lot of advertisement, as they are not necessary for the consumer. Most of the consumer consume just for fun & refreshment purpose and not and for nay other special reason. For that reason the soft drink marketers concentrate more on the advertisement part and they keep on designing new advertisements, which conquer the heart of the consumer. They take special care in casting the popular figures. These soft drink markets also include some offers like tours to someplace and so on. These soft drink companies will sponsor for many of the sport events in order to have good edge over the competitor as per as the publicity is considered. SOFT DRINK 1NDUSTR Y IN INDIA The entry of carbonated soil drink into the Indian soil is relatively new. The credit for introducing branded soil drink goes to pure drinks private Ltd, Delhi. Later this company became the franchised bottler of Coca – Cola export corporation. Accordingly, in 1950, Coca – Cola made its first debut in the Indian market. This 13 is the story about the origin of soft drinks in India. After Coca — Cola, Pepsi entered into the market. The exit of Pepsi made coke the undisputed leader in the soft drinks market. This company too was forced to leave India due to its non compliance with the rules and regulations of the Government in 1977. The exit of coke becomes a boom to national manufactures and all the players started increasing their business. Among the many national players like pure drinks Me Dowels, Modem foods, Spencer’s and parley, Parle emerged as the leader in the Indian soft drink market. It is believed that by the end of 1989. Parle captured more than 75% of the national soft drink market. In 1990. Pepsi rccntcrcd India and started making more noise in the market. All the same, it grabbed considerable market share from parley. Besides this. Coke also reentered India after 16 years of exile, fearing that, it cannot cling to its market leadership. Parle sold itself to Coca 1993. By buying over local competition the two American Cola giant share cleared up the arena and are packing all their power behind building the Indian franchise of their global girdling brands. If Pepsi invests Rs. 300 core, Coke will be investing more than that and vice versa. The total investment is of a size and scale that the Rs. 3048 cork soft drink businesses have never seen before. Both players see enormous potential in this country. Where swigging a carbonated beverage is still considered a treat virtually a luxury. Consequently by world standards India’s per capita consumption of three servings is rock bottom less even 14 Cola for $40 Million November, than over neighbors Pakistan and Bangladesh. Where is four times as much so, the cola giants feel that per caps can only go up and up. As incomes improve so do life styles a pattern they have seen in many of the 195 countries they sell their universal products. HISTORY OF COCA – COLA ATLANTA BEGINNINGS (1868 – 1892): It was 1886 in NEW YORK harbor, workers are constructing the statue of the liberty. 800 miles away another great symbol was about to be unveiled. Like many people who change the history, JOHAN PEMBHRTON, a civil war veteran & Atlanta pharmacist, was inspired by simple curiosity. He loved tinkering with medicinal formulas, and one afternoon, searching for a quick cure for head aches, his stipend up a fragrant Carmel colored liquid in a three legged pot. When it was done, he carried it a few doors down to Jacob’s pharmacy. I Icrc. the mixture was combined with carbonated water and sampled by customers who all agreed this new drink was something special. So Jacob’s pharmacy put it on sale for five cents a glass. PEMBERTON’S book keeper FRANK ROBINSON named the mixture COCA – COLA and wrote it out in his distinct script. To this day, COCA – COLA is written in the, same way. In this first year the company sold about 9 glasses of coca cola a day. A century later the coca-cola company has produced over ten billion gallons of syrup. Unfortunately for Pemberton, he was more of an inventor than a businessman and had no idea that the had invented one of the greatest products of the world. Over 15 the course of 3 years 1881 – 1891. Pemberton sold the company to Atlanta businessman Asa Griggs Candlcr for the total of about $ 2300. Candlcr would become the company’s first president and the first to bring real vision to the business and the brand. BEYOND A TLANTA (1893 – 1904) : As a Candler, a natural born salesman transformed Coca Cola from invention to a business. Lie knew there were thirsty people out there and Candler found brilliant and innovative ways to introduce them to this exciting new refreshment. He gave away coupons for complimentary first tastes of Coca — Cola brand. People saw (‘oca – Cola every where and the aggressive promotion worked. By 1895, Candler had built syrup plants in Chicago, Dallas and Los Angeles. Inevitably, the soda’s popularity led to a demand for it to be enjoyed in new ways. In 1894. a Mississippi businessman named Joseph Bernhard became the first to put the drink in bottles. He sent of them to Candler, who responded without enthusiasm. Despite being a brilliant and innovative businessman, he didn’t realize then that the heart of Coca- Cola would be with portable, bottled beverage customers could take anywhere. He still didn’t realize it five years later when in 1899, two Chattanooga lawyers, Benjamin. Thomas and Joseph b. Whitehead secured exclusive rights from him to bottle and sell the beverage lor the sum of one dollar. SAFEGAURD1NG THEBKANOfl905-1918) : 16 Imitation may be the sincerest of flattery, but the Coca – Cola Company was none too pleased about the proliferation of copycat beverages taking the advantage of its success. This was great brand. Both needed to be protected. Advertising focused on the authenticity of Coca – Cola, urging can summers to â€Å"demand the genuine† and â€Å"accept no substitute†. The company also created a distinct bottle shape to assure people they were actually getting a real Coca -Cola. In 1916, the Root glass company of Treat, Indiana began manufacturing the famous contour bottle. The counter bottle for its attractive appearance, original design and the fact that, even in the drink, you could identify the genuine article. As the country roared into the new century, the Coca Cola Company grew rapidly moving into Cuba. Puerto Rico, France and other countries. In 1900 there were two bottles of Coca Cola, by 1920, there would be about 1000. THE WOODRUFF LEGACY: Perhaps no person has more impact on the Coca – Cola company the Robert Woodruff In 1923, five years after his father Ernest purchased the company from Asa Candler, Woodruff become the company president. While Candler had introduced the U. S. Coca – Cola, he would nearly spend 60 years as company leader introducing the beverage to the world beyond. Woodruff was marketing genius who saw opportunities for expansion every where the captivated foreign markets with his innovative campaigns. Coca Cola traveled with the U. S. team to the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics to the logo was emblazed on racing dog sleds in Canada & the walls of bull fighting arenas in Spain. He pushed 17 development & distribution of the six-pack, the open top cooler and all innovations that made it easier for people to drink Coca Cola. When it became clear to the company that housewives would be more inclined top buy six-packs they could open easily at home, women were sent door to door, installing branded Coca Cola openers, this is exactly the kind of â€Å"out side the box'† thinking that Cola not just a huge thrived under Woodruffs leadership and it made Coca success, but a big party of people’s lives. THE WAR & ITS LEGACY: In 1941 America entered into World War II thousands of men & women were sent overseas. The country & Coca – Cola rallied behind them. Woodruff ordered that every man in uniform gets a bottle of Coca – Cola for 5 cents, wherever he is, whatever it cost the company 1943, General Dwight D. Eisenhower sent urgent cablegram to Coca – Cola requesting shipment of materials for 10 bottling plant. During the war many Europeans enjoyed their first taste of beverage and when peace finally came, Coca – Cola be placed within †arm’s reach desire'†, was coming true from the rnidf-40’s until 1960, the number of countries with bottling operations nearly doubled. Post war America alive with optimism & prosperity. Coca – Cola was a part of fun, carefree America lifestyle & the imagery of its advantage happy couples at the drive in, carefree moms driving are yellow convertibles reflection of the spirit of the limes. A WORLD Or CUSTOMERS (1960- 1981): 18 is a wonderful After 75 years of amazing success with brand Coca – Cola, the company decided to expand with new flavors sprite in 1961, TAB in 1963 and Fresco in 1966. The company’s presence worldwide was growing rapidly year after year, Coca Cola found a home in more & more places. Cambodia, Montserrat, Puce, Turkey &. more advertising for Coca – Cola always an important & exciting part of its business really came into its own in the 70’s and reflects a brand totally in tune with fun, playfulness and freedom. The international appeal of Coca- Cola was embodied buy 1971 commercial, where a group of young people from all over the world gathered on a hill top in Italy to sing â€Å"I’d like to buy the world a coke†. In 1978, the (‘oca Cola Company was selected as the only company allowed selling packaged cold drinks in the peoples Republic of China. DIETCOKESA NEWCOKE (1982 – 1989): The 80’s the era of legwarmers, head bands and the fitness craze and a time of much change and innovation at the Coca – Cola Company. In 1981. Roberto C. Goizucta became chairman of the board of directors & CEO of the Coca- Cola Company. He who fled Castro’s Cuba in 1961. completely overhauled the company with a strategy he called â€Å"intelligent risk taking† among his bold moves was organizing the numerous U. S. bottling operations into a new public company, Coca Cola enterprises, Inc.he also released diet coke, the very first extension of Cola trade mark within two years, it had become top low calorie drink Cola. One of Goi/ueta’s other the Coca in the world, second in success only to Coca 19 incentives in 1985, was the release of new taste for Coca Cola, the first change in formulation in 99 years. In taste people loved the new formula. In the real world they had a deep emotional attachment to the original and they had a deep emotional attachment to the original and they bagged and pleaded to get it back. Critics called it the biggest marketing blunder ever. But Goizueta, as Warren Buffet once said, had a knack for turning † lemins into lemonade†. The original formula was return to the market as Coca increase its lead over the competition Cola classic, the product began to a lead that continues to this day. COCA – COLA NOW (1990 – NOW) : In 1886. Coca – Cola brought thrilling refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well at 2nt century, the company’s goal is to provide that magic every time, in 200 countries, with each of it’s 230+ and ever growing brands. Coca – Cola has customers from Boston to Bahrain, drinking brands like Ambassa, Veitabela and freseolita. In the remotest corners of the globe, you can still find Coca Cola. In February 2000, Doug Daft was named company chairman. Coca – Cola a huge international company, but Draft’s vision is to have the company operate as a collection of smaller, locally run business. â€Å"No one†, Daft points out, â€Å"decides to enjoy one of our products globally†. T hat’s why Coca– Cola committed to local markets, to paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink and where and how they want to drink, livery ten seconds. 1. 26,00 people choose to reach for one of the Coca. 20 Cola company brands & it is the company’s mission to make the choice exiling & satisfying every single time. COCA – COLA IN INDIA MARKET: Coca – Cola has started its operation in Indian market in October 1993. This has been its reentry in the India market after withdrawal of its operation in 1970s. The Indian market offers a strong consumer potential as majority of the population is in middle class category which is a strong consumer base for any FMCG company like Coca – Cola to float its range of products. Coca– Cola has acquired the soft drink brands like Thumps Up, Gold spot, l.imea. Maa/a, Bisleri soda etc which were floated by parle as these products have achieved a strong consumer base and formed a brand image in Indian market during the reentry of Coca range of products of Coca Cola in 1993. Thus these products became a part of Cola. MISSION Or COCA – COLA : Provide â€Å"clients† with appropriate â€Å"systems solutions† for â€Å"effective & profitable† business use adopting a † quality management approach† maintains a †competitive edge† with the help of latest and user friendly information technology. VISION OF COCA – COLA : To be a proactive & service oriented business partner for influencing change & contributing to increase share owner value through a dedicated & creative team. 21 OBJECTIVE OF COCA ~ COLA : To develop a business strategy for systems implementation which is â€Å"simple, effective & practiced'† to execute in a timely manner for bottling system. CHAPTER-III THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ABOUT THE TOPIC 22 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ABOUT THE TOPIC Consume r Behaviour, The Marketing Process and Models of Consumer Decision-making Psychological influences: the consumer as an individual Perception, motivation, learning, attitudes, attitude change and persuasive communications Social and cultural influences: the consumer as a group member. Group influence and opinion leadership; reference group influence; social class and economic influences, lifestyles, ethnic, religious, age and regional groups The consumer as a decision maker Individual decision-makin g, demographics and household decision making; personality, self-concept and sex roles, purchase and post-purchase â€Å"Some issues that arise during stages in the consumption process† Consumer’s perspective 23 CONSUM BEHAVIO ER UR â€Å"A model in this context is a representation of Consumer Behaviour. The aim is to provide a simplified portrayal of consumer processes to aid our description, explanation and control of buying behaviour†. Types of consumer behaviour models: †¢ Black Box models †¢ Personal variable models †¢ Personal †¢ Engel, Blackwell and Minored †¢ Howard-Sheath †¢ Nicosia Perhaps the most useful set of categories is that of low, medium or high level models. In this case the level refers to the level of complexity – so a low level model would be a relatively simple representation of the phenomenon while a Simple models 24 high level model of the same event would be much more complex and detailed and include more variables. In the marketing context the modeling approach has two key objectives: 1. description, explanation, prediction (and ultimately control of consume behaviors) and/or 2. Aiding researchers in their task of developing ‘better’ hypotheses and theories about the relationships and processes involved in consumer behaviour Models can be evaluated against their ability to satisfy either or both of these objectives. Study on Consumer Behaviour 25 SIM PLE M ODELS OF CONSUM BEHAVIOUR ER Lower level or simple models, in contrast, fall into three broad categories – black box models, decision process models and personal variable models. Black Box models – do not consider internal variables. They focus on inputs and outputs without concerning themselves with the intervening mental processes, which might determine the outcomes. Decision process models – attempt a simple description of the stages consumers’ progress through in reaching purchasing decisions. Most are variations on the classic problem solving/decision making process of: Define problem generate alternative solutions – evaluate alternatives – decide – implement monitor. These approaches give a sound basis for marketers seeking to devise strategies that are appropriate for each stage. Inevitably they are not strong on explanation or prediction without considerable elaboration, which makes them, falls into the comprehensive model category. Personal variable models – the personal variable models omit external variables. So these models focus on the mental processes of decision-making – internal elements and processes such as perception, motivation, beliefs and values. One classic example of the personal variable model is the fisheye model, summarized as A, = B, o, 26 Where A0 = the attitude towards object o8, = the strength of belief about o a, = the evaluation aspects of 6 n = the number of beliefs Study on Consumer Behaviour Individual Determinants of Consumer Behaviors Psychological Factors Influencing The Buying Decision Process â€Å"Psychological factors operating within individuals partly determine people’s general Behaviour and thus influence their behaviour as consumers. The primary psychological influences on consumer behaviour are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Perceptions Motives Ability and knowledge Attitudes Personality Even though these psychological factors operate internally, it will become apparent that consumers are also very much affected by social forces outside the individual† CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: LEARNING AND MEMORY Learning is a change in behaviour that is caused by experience. 27 Learning can occur through simple associations between a stimulus and response, or via a complex series of cognitive activities Behavioral learning theories assume that learning occurs responses to Classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus that naturally elicits a response (an unconditioned stimulus) is paired with another stimulus that does not initially elicit this response. Over time, the second stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) comes to elicit the response as well Study on Consumer Behavior This response can also extend to other, similar stimuli in a process known as stimulus generalization. This process is the basis for such marketing strategies as licensing and family branding, where a consumer’s positive associations with a product are transferred Operant or instrumental conditioning Occurs as the person learns to perform behaviour that produce positive outcomes. While classical learning to other contexts, outcomes and avoid those that result in negative conditioning involves the pairing of two stimuli, instrumental occurs when reinforcement is delivered following a response to a stimulus. Reinforcement is positive if a reward is delivered following a response. It is negative if a negative outcome is avoided by not performing a response. Punishment occurs when a response is followed by unpleasant events. 28 Extinction of the behaviour will occur if reinforcement is no longer received. Cognitive learning occurs as a result of mental processes. For example, observational learning takes place when the consumer performs behaviour as a result of seeing someone else performing and being rewarded for it. Memory refers to the storage of learning information. The way when it is perceived determines how it will be known as sensory memory, role in retaining information is encoded stored in memory. The memory systems short-term memory, and long-term memory each play a and processing information from the outside world. Information is not stored in isolation: it is incorporated into knowledge structures, where it is associated with other related data. The location of product information in associative networks and the level of abstraction at when and how this information will influence the likelihood of salience (or which it is coded, help to determine be activated at a later time. Some factors that retrieval include the level of familiarity with an item, its prominence) in memory, and whether the information was presented in pictorial or written form. 29 Products also play a role as memory markers: they are used by consumers to retrieve memories about past experiences (autobiographical memories) and are often valued for their ability to do this. This function also contributes to the use of nostalgia in marketing strategies. Memory for product information can be measured through either recognition or Recall techniques. Consumers are more likely to recognize an advertisement if it is presented to them than to recall one without being given any cues. † (See Solomon 1994 137-138) Learning theories. Marketing and Involvement Theory Examples of low involvement Examples of high involvement Free sample of hair shampoo delivered Faced with mounting debts, individual through front door and stored in responds to advertisement offering bathroom. When usual shampoo runs to solve the problems with a single out, trial pack is used, found acceptable loan. Learns the cost of borrowing and purchased (or not). From loan sharks A positive emotional response is the generation of higher-order Generated by the use of a particulate conditioning allows the customer to Classical pop tune. This becomes associated have positive feelings about a Conditioning with a product, even though the product, which may be more person alternatives, does not consciously pay expensive than e. g. attention to the advertising luxury goods. 30 A common brand of baked beans id Clothes purchased and worn give Operant purchased. They taste ‘OK 1 . The rise to numerous complements, conditioning consumer continues to purchase that Further cloths of the same label are brand bought. An individual learns that Amstrad Keen cooks learn about various Iconic rote makes personal computers without makes of kitchen knives by careful learning ever consciously focusing on PCs or reading of Study on advertisements with they Amstrads advertisements find enjoyable Consumer Behaviour The Guardian’ unavailable at Commuter, distressed by daily Insight newsagents when on holiday, difficulties with parking decides to learning Customer buys ‘the Independent’ purchase mountain bike to solve the instead problem Consumer spots ‘low salt, low sugar’ Consumers as a family, having won Latent beans on the supermarket shelf, the pools, decide that they can now learning Remembers healthy eating afford their ‘dream car. Choose advertisements and purchases tin model they have always wanted A child learns parental roles by Individual observes reaction to a Vicarious observation but without really friend s new style sutt before deciding learning thinking about it to purchase Car taken to garage for service. Commuter finds level of smoke Customer offered a new higher-Experimental pollution on upper deck of bus too powered model to use for 31 the day-learning offensive to tolerate and decides to Impressed by the car, the consumer travel on lower deck decides to move up the range when the time comes to change car. Consumer Decision Processes The most common, everyday problem solving sequence is: 32 33 In the marketing context, Engel, Blackwell and Minored suggest that this becomes: S Information search S Evaluate alternatives S Purchase and Outcomes Stage I: Information Search The first step in this stage is often internal memory search to establish whether the individual possesses enough information about the available options to make a decision without further action. In low involvement consumer decisions this may often be the case, but external search is more usual with high involvement purchases. Opinion leadership and word-of-mouth communication will be significant at this stage, as well as the more formal marketing and advertising messages. Similarly, past learning, stored in the memory system, is shown to be a significant source even in extended problem solving situations. The information search stage is also affected strongly by individual differences and environmental factors e.g. the traits and orientation of some individual’s means that they have the personality characteristic of caution – such people will tend to conduct extensive and detailed information search. Similarly families and reference groups are likely to make significant contributions to the amount and style of search conducted. 34 Many of our decisions are often made on less than complete information. The important point is that the purchaser feels that enough information has been gathered. Study on Consumer Behavior In the light of the differences between high and low involvement purchasing, the perception of the value of continued search is likely to be significantly higher in high involvement decisions. The external search is dominated by marketing messages and the information so gathered should be fed into the memory system via processes similar to the research on Perception: Exposure Attention Comprehension.

The Failure of the Road Map to Peace

Abstract The failure of the Roadmap to Peace has become an object of substantial debate. This essay examines the conflict utilizing the concept of ripeness and third party intervention in order to determine the impact. The evidence presented illustrates the lack of details produced a lack of direction which led to strategy failure. This study will be of value to any person studying conflict resolution. 1 Introduction The Roadmap to peace was created to bring quiet and balance to the Middle East. This essay examines the failure of the Roadmap process through the perspective of ripeness and third party intervention. With each process, this essay identifies the strengths and weaknesses associated with the method in order to create better understanding. Beginning with a base overview of the Roadmap to peace this essay sets out a fundamental building point. Following this with an assessment of the ripeness of the peace process will allows for an illustration of potential, adding to the narrative. Next, will be an examination of third party intervention and the opportunities that this created in the Roadmap process. A combination of these sections will enable the creation of reasonable conclusions based on evidence. In the end this essay considers initial policy, modern practice and future potential with the clear and stated goal of demonstrating the strengths and weaknesses of international conflict resolution. 2 Roadmap to Peace2.1 OverviewWith the failure of the American President Bill Clinton to forge a lasting peace in the Middle East before leaving office, the second intifada broke out hampering peace efforts and increasing regional violence between Palestine and Israel. This sudden onslaught rapidly deteriorated any building goodwill between the states and made any form of resolution very hard to create. The Roadmap was an effort constructed by the major powers Russia, the United Nations, the United States and the European Union in an effort to create peace between Palestine and Israel. With a real need to implement a form of resolution and partnership in order to promote international concerns, the Middle East plan was built to resolve many long standing issues. Citing the rising tensions in the region, the world powers, led by the United States President George W. Bush, adopted the Roadmap, a concept taken from a 2002 speech created the foundation for the Road Map to Peace. With a c lear political impact to be felt by the failure or success of the program, the Western Powers and Russia felt that the time had come to answer the violence with a bold initiative directly aimed at changing the status quo. The strategy itself was enacted with three distinct segments in mind, which in turn would provide markers illustrating the progress . The first phase envisioned a form of acceptance between the antagonists which would lead to an end to the on-going violence in the region . As part and parcel of the reform needed, the Palestinian state would undergo elections and fundamental development, thus enabling a better informed and therefore less violent population. Israel in turn would pull their military assets back as well as allowing normalization of operations in Eastern Jerusalem. This process would allow for a general rising of health conditions alongside the improvement in the aid situation that was being experienced by the general population. A final component of the first phase of the Roadmap dictated a total freeze on expansion settlements, and the further exploration of alternatives . Each of these first steps was designed with a broad intent, but few details. However, the intent w as to deescalate the tension and creates a perception of partnership that would allow for both Israel and Palestine to find common ground, thereby inherently reducing the underlying violence and hardship. The second segment of the Roadmap was to take place over the course of the 2003 year. Building on the projections of the first portion, the second phase begins the real work of creating an independent state. This process of development for Palestine required a substantial economic recovery as well as a considerable increase in the quality of social services available . With increased funding, and environmental assistance this segment encompassed the physical rehabilitation of the Palestinian state in order to establish a viable national presence. Once again, the critics of this segment cite the lack of detail compared to the overarching goals. Yet, with the accomplishment of these goals, Israel would restore communication and cooperation with the Palestinians, thereby increasing the communication and opportunity for partnership in the region. The third and final section of the Roadmap consisted of a second international conference that would herald the passage of the Palestinian state into international recognition. As a consequence of the success of the first and second sections, it was judged that the Palestinians would have a permanent status as an independent state which would in turn effectively end the conflict . During this third segment many of the most vexing issues surrounding the conflict including the borders of the city Jerusalem would be addressed in order to cement a lasting peace. Further, this final effort would encompass the refugee and settlement issues with a final decree thereby settling each of the commonly held elements of the conflict. Described as a performance driven strategy, there was no real method of enforcement, compelling the states involved to meet the standards of the Roadmap. With a great deal of mistrust resting between the Palestinians and the Israeli’a the expectation of trust and good faith on the part of every player was a significant assumption. With an initial directive of immediate ceasefire on the part of Palestine alongside the immediate cessation of building by Israel was meant to convey in a very direct manner, that the peace process was moving forward and would impact the most sensitive elements of the conflict. This fundamental endorsement of the two state solutions to the regional conflict by world powers signalled the beginning of a political push to solve the long running crises. Both players did not agree to abide by the agreement, Israel nor did Palestine truly meet the guidelines, making the effort to keep the Roadmap on track both frustrating and pointless.2.1 Failure of the Roadmap2.1.1 RipenessMany elements are at the core of the failure of the Roadmap policy, including clarity, ripeness of goals and the overall intervention efforts by the larger world powers. With spiralling rates of violence taking their toll on each side, it was deemed time for intervention by the world powers prior to the creation of the Roadmap. However, not each party involved in the conflict agreed with that assessment. Wallensteen (2002) identifies the concept of ripeness as the moment of defining readiness for change. With the onset of dialogue and the uptick in desire for a regional solution to the confli ct, both the Palestinians and the Israeli’s seemed ripe for a compromise. With very little ahead of either party without a form of conflict resolution, the long term outlook was dim and growing dimmer. The ripeness of the opportunity led the four major world powers to create and implement the Roadmap to peace even with the lack of clarity . With a clear moment for seizing the reins and changing the narrative, the players in the negotiations sought to accomplish a long held goal in a relatively short period. Further, the foundation goals of the endeavour coordinated with the needs of the population in the moment, yet, the overall lack of clarity and details only led to confusion and skewing of purpose throughout the implementation process. This same concept of timing was conceived as an integral component of the conciliation resolution effort envisioned in the end goal. However, the lack of any real method of compelling motivation on the part of either Palestine or Israel both states quickly reneged on the agreement and failed to live up to the expected standards. Another central element of the motivation behind the peace plan was the coveted alliance of the moderate states in region that the American president sought. In a very real way, every step of the peace process in the Middle East was conceived as a result of the need to ensure adequate oil supply from the region. This added many layers of complexity to the already complicated regional environment. As Tristan (2014) notes in his detailed evaluation, despite the lofty goals of the Roadmap, there was not a noticeable advance in the agenda between the beginning of the peace process in 2002 and the scheduled cessation of the conflict in 2005. This wasted opportunity led to a disengagement that resulted in a re-emergence of violence that soon destroyed any good the preceding efforts had achieved. Taking away an opportune moment and drastically stoking the anti-Western resentment in the region was the invasion of Iraq only a year after the creation of the Roadmap. This contradiction in goals only served to further divide the local area as well as weaken any real oversight that the agreement on. Central to this argument is the need for continual communication and commitment in order to progress, which with the lack of monitoring failed to serve the intended purpose of driving the process forward. With the timing of the American invasion coinciding with the peace effort there was a clear opportunity to view the real views that the West espoused. As the war deteriorated and became a perceived vendetta pursued by the American President any lasting credibility that the Roadmap had was soon lost. Despite the need for resolution and the continuing commitment for solutions from the neighbours, Israel initially declined the offer of the Roadmap, instead supplying a long list of conditions that would serve to offset any initial losses a compromise may entail. No matter the funding and benefits offered, the elements of the situation allowed Israel the leverage to institute a series of demands. This recognition of ripeness allowed the Israeli’s to accomplish much of the dismantling of the Palestinian infrastructure immediately, making these elements critical to any lasting accord. Lacking any clear detail or direction, the Roadmap was unable to address many of the issues at the regional level, making any form of progress hard. There was a real perception of rudderless direction with no real commitment by the creating powers. Tocci (2013) argues that the outbreak of the second intifada was the signal of the ripeness of moment in the Israeli and Palestine peace process. With a clear indication by the United States that it would accept the assistance of others to promote peace in the region, the international components all seemed ripe for working and finding a long term solution . Yet, the complex nature of the conflict negated any possible progress, frustrating every party involved. In summation: There was a clear perception of opportune timing to be had in the intifada and the desire to de-escalate the conflict by every party involved. This benefit was bolstered by the American Presidents wish to provide a path to a moderate alliance in the region that would ensure oil production in the West . Taking away momentum from the proffered Roadmap, thus letting the moment slip past, was the lack of clarity in the fundamental plan, which was large on goals and slight on how to accomplish them. This was further complicated by a lack of understanding of the outside parties that only resulted in creating or exasperating current conditions. Coupled with the outbreak of the American and Iraqi conflict that illustrated a negative aspect of the Western power, the moment for change was soon lost among the need to serve one owns interest . With the outside powers having to concrete on the conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan there was scant time or funding to provide any meaningful support for the Roadmap, which in turn consistently diminished the efforts of each person involved.2.1.2 Third Party InterventionThere are three reasons for outside parties to become involved in an international conflict. With elements including traditional alliance compulsions, ethnic or population ties or the presence of humanitarian emergencies are at the centre of these interventions. Many studies contend that the multi-faceted partnership is more effective than the United Nations at implementing an effective assistance effort. Others argue that these situations often present outside entities with opportunities for profit that have nothing to do with the local region. This particular factor makes it very hard for nations such as Palestine and Israel to view the assistance offered by the third party nations with trust. As with any infrastructure built on apprehension, there will be a wide margin of error that will work towards the failure of the overall goal. Most third party ef forts are centred on finding a method of compromise that each side can appreciate. By finding factors that appeal to each of the local concerns there is a real opportunity for find common ground that can lead the way to compromise. However, in some cases both sides refuse to yield, making any form of progress slight. Others favour the contingency method of third party intervention which entails the identification, initiation and seq8uencing of the primary elements in order to create a workable solution. In each case, it is necessary for the third parties to find common ground in order to formulate beneficial policy. Third Party intervention in the Middle East was deemed a plausible conflict resolution process by the outside powers that were concerned about the region and its resources . In a very real way, the Roadmap was a product of the need of the larger nations to ensure their line of oil supply and production, which in turn dictated that an alliance of the moderate states in the region come together to accomplish this goal. The four nations outside of the region that were intimately involved with the Roadmap were the United States, Russia, the European Union and the United nations. Each of these entities had their own priorities when dealing with the Middle East, yet, the need for them to come together was made evident the continuing violence and unrest in the region. This conciliatory approach to resolution in the region was obstructed from the outset by the Israeli demands that shifted the tone of the negotiations from the beginning. President Bush involved the very prestige of his office in the attempt to reconcile the nations and this initial balking on the part of Israel immediately dampened the prospects for progress in the region. In this case, the American regime was forced to reverse course and allow these changes before even the first step of the Roadmap could be realized. This created a very clear perception of Israel holding the upper hand in the negotiations. A similar reaction to the third party solution was experienced in Palestine with a dramatic upswing in violence. With no real details in the initial offering each side of the conflict felt oppressed the outside powers played a direct role in the population’s discontent. From the very beginning there was the perception by those involved in the process that the parties were going to do what they would despite any opinion held by the outside powers. This realization of this fact fuelled the growing frustration that surrounded the entire Roadmap implementation method. The quartet of powers deemed the primary obstacle of peace to be the inability of both Israel and Palestine to reign in their most extreme components. This perception of lawlessness on the part of the extremists made the cessation of violence only attainable after both sides agreed to tone down the violence. This initial step was agreed upon by the quartet yet; both Israel and Palestine were hard pressed to truly diminish the rate of violence espoused by their population. The only real point of agreement to be found between the states of Israel and Palestine is that another protracted war will very likely destroy both entities. With this element serving to bring the parties back to the table despite the setbacks, there has been a consistent, if not weak, effort to find peace in the region for generations. Turner (2011) argues that the very attempt at building statehood in this manner has first polarized and then paralysed the effort, making the goal unattainable. This fact is enhance d by the lack of regional understanding that the third parties had in regards to local matters. The third party resolution efforts recognized that the areas of settlements and refugees were delicate topics for both the Israeli’s and the Palestinians. Utilizing summits to attempt to coordinate efforts between the powers, the very direct intervention of the United States President, actively working through Russian and the European Union to build support for the Roadmap, there was an initial sense of accomplishment. This first cessation of hostilities brokered by the outside parties resumed quickly after President Bush left the region, making much of the efforts of the previous months negligible. With facets including the release of political prisoners directed at directly building trust between the states, the third party negotiators found a common goal in the realized reduction in violence. Van Der Maat (2011) contends that the difficulty in the realization of conflict resolution by third parties is the lack of true economic or military vulnerability. With nothing to lose , there is the perception by the local population that the world powers are there only to suit their own ends, which in turn undermines the entire process. Levine, Taylor and Best (2011) illustrate the concept that the third party negotiators during any form of conflict resolution are more likely to take the consolatory approach. While this approach can serve to bring disparate groups to the table, a base lack of understanding will only serve to drive the factors further apart. This very train of events seems to have occurred in the Middle East with the fundamental failure and abandonment of the Roadmap. However, this same study highlights the factor the coming together of multiple third parties was likely to increase the rate of success by dividing the load. In summation There was a real perception that the third parties involved in the Roadmap process had their own agendas, which in turn diminished their integrity. With each outside nation offering incentives for compliance, it was in the best interest for both Palestine and Israel to agree to the broad outline proposed. Yet, despite the points agreed upon during various summits there was real lack of progress as the situation would soon devolved to the prior state. Even though there were some economic repercussions, the lack of any direct military or economic damage in the Middle East created the perception of continued arrogance on the part of the Western powers by the local populations. This continued to increase the tension no matter the financial or economic incentive that the third parties were able to offer. Despite the studies attributing higher rates of success to partnership in third party conflict resolution efforts, the combined lack of details, time and resources contributed to the fina l failure of the concept. 3 Conclusion This essay has focused on the failure of the Roadmap to peace in the Middle East utilizing the concepts of ripeness and third-party intervention. The evidence provided has created a compelling narrative that illustrates many of the shortcomings of the peace strategy as well as many of the mistakes made by the outside players in the conflict. Driving the lack progress on nearly every level was a base lack of understanding and detail. Despite the American effort to lay out a broad outline that could in turn become a detailed plan, there was no real motivation for Palestine or Israel to comply. Not only was there a perception of political and economic motivation on the part of the outside entities there was continued perception of poor planning and lack of details. The elements for resolution were in place at the beginning of the process making the initial portion of the Roadmap seem ripe for implementation. Yet, allowing for only a broad design diminished the effectiveness of the program as well as reducing the faith in the third party negotiators. With the onset of the Afghanistan and Iraq affair, the perception of the outside powers continued to deteriorate, making the Roadmap ever more difficult to achieve. Despite the conciliatory approach taken by the third parties during the peace process, the refusal by the Palestinians and Israeli’s to abide by the basic agreements fuelled further dissent. No matter the timing and the desire to find common ground, the complex nature of the disputes between the populations were not be remedied with the shallow solutions provided by the American and Western nations. Further, the self-interest of the outside nations only built on the distrust that the local population continued to evince. Not even the public relations efforts that the President Bush attempted, there was not a method of appeal that lasted for any length of time. This basic fact kept the Roadmap from every truly developing, making each progressive goal nearly impossible to achieve. In the end, despite the timely intervention and the multiple partnerships provided by the third parties, the deeply complex nature of the regional disputes found in the Middle East demanded details in the Roadmap that were not present. This lack of direction was the true failure of the strategy, as there was no means to build or produce meaningful change. 3 Bibliography Amstutz, M. R. 1999. International conflict and cooperation. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Babbitt, E. and Hampson, F. O. 2011. Conflict resolution as a field of inquiry: practice informing theory. International Studies Review, 13 (1), pp. 46–57. Barak, O. 2005. The failure of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, 1993–2000. Journal of Peace Research, 42 (6), pp. 719–736. Ben-Ami, S. 2007. A roadmap to failure. [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/feb/15/bushsroadmaptofailureint [Accessed: 13 Mar 2014]. Carpenter, T. G. 2012. Roadmap to Nowhere. Cato Institute. Chandler, D. 2006. Peace without politics?. London. Einarsen, S. 2011. Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Fisher, R. J. 2007. Assessing the contingency model of third-party intervention in successful cases of prenegotiation. Journal of Peace Research, 44 (3), pp. 311–329. Forum, J. 2014. The Road Map. [online] Available at: http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/189/38357.html [Accessed: 13 Mar 2014]. Golan, G. and Salem, W. 2013. Non-State Actors in the Middle East. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Levine, M., Taylor, P. J. and Best, R. 2011. Third Parties, Violence, and Conflict Resolution The Role of Group Size and Collective Action in the Microregulation of Violence.Psychological Science, 22 (3), pp. 406–412. Levy, M. P. 2012. The Palestinian-Israeli Conflcit: The Way Forward. Mason, R. 2013. The Price of Peace: A Reevaluation of the Economic Dimension in the Middle East Peace Process. The Middle East Journal, 67 (3), pp. 405–425. Miall, H., Ramsbotham, O. and Woodhouse, T. 1999. Contemporary conflict resolution. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Migdalovitz, C. 2004. The Middle East Peace Talks. Milton-Edwards, B. 2004. Elusive ingredient: Hamas and the peace process. JSTOR. Rioux, J. 2003. Third Party Interventions in International Conflicts: Theory and Evidence. Said, E. W. 2004. From Oslo to Iraq and the road map. New York: Pantheon Books. Schanzer, J. 2012. State of failure. Shiqa?qi?, K. 2006. Willing to compromise. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace. Tocci, N. 2013. The Middle East Quartet and (In) effective Multilateralism. The Middle East Journal, 67 (1), pp. 29–44. Tristam, P. 2014. Bush’s Road Map for Peace in the Middle East, Five Years Later: What’s Been Achieved?. [online] Available at: http://middleeast.about.com/od/israelandpalestine/p/me070911.htm [Accessed: 13 Mar 2014]. Turner, M. and Y. 2011. Creating ‘Partners for Peace’: The Palestinian Authority and the International Statebuilding Agenda. Journal of intervention and statebuilding, 5 (1), pp. 1–21. Van Der Maat, E. 2011. Sleeping hegemons Third-party intervention following territorial integrity transgressions. Journal of Peace Research, 48 (2), pp. 201–215. Wallensteen, P. 2002. Understanding conflict resolution. London: SAGE Publications. Williams, P. and Jannotti Pecci, F. 2012. Earned sovereignty: bridging the gap between sovereignty and self-determination. Wohl and Er, S. B. 2001. A theory of third-party intervention in disputes in international politics.

Essay on Efficient Energy TransportationEssay Writing Service

Essay on Efficient Energy TransportationEssay Writing Service Essay on Efficient Energy Transportation Essay on Efficient Energy TransportationToday, the environment pollution is one of the major challenges to the world and well-developed nations, such as the US, confront the problem of the consistent deterioration of the environmental situation. In this regard, the transportation system is one of the major contributors to the deterioration of the environmental situation because vehicles are the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, transportation is one of the major sources of the environment pollution. Hence, energy efficient transportation is the major way to decrease the environment pollution and the reduction of the fuel consumption can help to reduce the environment pollution. However, the improvement of the environmental situation involves not only technological changes but also the change of the transportation culture. In actuality, the US is still facing the problem of the poor fuel efficiency because of the traditional American transportation culture and the reduction of the fuel consumption can be achieved through the change of the transportation culture in the US along with legislative changes that will stimulate consumers and car manufacturing companies to purchase and manufacture fuel efficient vehicles respectively.At the moment, transportation contributes to over a quarter of energy consumption in the US. At the same time, transportation is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions that are the major source of pollution of air and environment. Fossil fuels used as the source of energy to fuel cars cause greenhouse gas emissions, which are the major source of air and environment pollution (Teisl, Rubin, Noblet, 2008). Fuel efficiency can minimize the consumption of fuel. This is why the energy efficient transportation involves the reduction of the fuel consumption.The public grows more and more concerned about the environment pollution because the deterioration of the environmental situation leads to the deteriorat ion of the public health and decline of the quality of life. The change of the public awareness is the result of the deterioration of the environment (Banerjee Solomon 2003). People grow more and more aware of the negative impact of greenhouse gas emissions not only on the environment but also on the health of people. However, this trend is relatively new and cannot overcome the traditional American transportation culture oriented on the use of large cars that are not fuel efficient.In addition, companies manufacturing cars tend to on the fuel efficiency to attract customers, while customers’ main driver to reduce fuel consumption and, therefore, greenhouse gas emissions is the growing price of gas. As a result, consumers prefer buying new cars, which are more fuel efficient than old ones and they prefer car models which are fuel efficient. In such a way, the consumer behavior influences policies conducted by car manufacturing companies. Car manufacturing companies attempt t o match customers’ expectations. The growing demand of consumers for fuel efficient vehicles encourages car manufacturing companies to shift toward the development of new, fuel efficient cars.At the same time, consumers, who are conscious of the negative impact of car use on the environment, tend to change their behavior preferring bicycles to their cars or using public transport instead of their cars. However, these consumers are quite a few compared to the large mass of consumers, who still use their cars. In fact, the US consumers still prefer to use their cars, instead of public transport or bicycles. Hypothetically, the shift from private cars toward the public transport and bicycles can change consistently the level of greenhouse gas emissions because this will lead to the consistent reduction of using private vehicles and, therefore, to the respective reduction of the fuel consumption that leads to greenhouse gas emissions. However, at the moment, Americans are not rea dy for the total shift from using private cars to using the public transport or bicycles.On the other hand, more and more consumers prefer car pooling to save their fuel and transportation costs. This trend contributes to the energy efficient transportation because car pooling reduces the number of cars used by consumers on the regular basis since vehicles normally carry five people and car pooling allows five persons to use one car instead of five ones. In actuality, this trend becomes more and more popular in the US because it is efficient financially and allows Americans save their money and their fuel but, at the same time, car pooling saves environment because reduces the number of private cars in use and, therefore, reduces greenhouse gas emissions from private cars.In actuality, there are several factors determining the consumer behavior and influencing their transportation habits. First, economic factors play the major part in changes of the consumer behavior. For example, t he economic recession of 2008 contributed to the consistent reduction of car use and overall drop of car sales in the US. The reduction of car sales was the result of the inability of Americans to purchase new cars and their desire to save money.Furthermore, the skyrocketing gas price stimulated consumers either refuse from using their cars and shift to the public transport or bicycles, or change their cars and purchase more fuel efficient cars, on the one hand, and sell their old, less fuel efficient cars instead. In addition, Americans just refused from the frequent use of their cars because they could not afford buying gas at the high price. This is why the overall reduction of car sales and use of cars caused by economic reasons resulted in the overall decline of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the US transportation.Moreover, the economic recession and high gas prices encouraged car manufacturers to focus on the production of fuel efficient cars and introduce hybrid cars, whi ch use alternative fuels along with gas or alternative fuels alone. In fact, car manufacturers responded to the change in the customer behavior (O’Gallachoir, Howley, Cunningham, Bazilian, 2009). The economic background was the major reason for such a shift and car manufacturers just attempted to keep their cars selling. This is why fuel efficient cars were just the marketing tool that could attract customers and make them buying new cars.On the other hand, the economic recovery has contributed to the rise of car sales, wider use of cars, and the overall return of car manufacturers for the production of less fuel efficient, large cars instead of small and more fuel efficient ones. 2013 marked the consistent growth of car sales compared to 2008 that reveals the fact that the improvement of the economic situation contributes to the increase of car use and fuel consumption.Another important factor that contributes to the energy efficient transportation in the US is the transpor tation culture. To put it more precisely, the individual use of private cars is the distinct feature of the US transportation culture (Hensher, 2007). Moreover, Americans are accustomed to use large cars, which are not fuel efficient. For example, Americans tend to use large cars and disregard their fuel efficiency, while Europeans tend to buy small cars, which are suitable for driving in European cities with narrow streets and are more fuel efficient compared to American cars (De Witte, Macharis Mairesse, 2008). Therefore, the American transportation culture tends to disregard fuel efficiency.  In response to the growing public pressure, the US authorities, including the US Department of Energy, attempt to develop policies aiming at the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions along with the reduction of fossil fuel consumption. At the moment, the US authorities focus on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the energy efficiency by means of the introduction of e nergy efficient policies in all industries. In this regard, transportation plays an important part in the reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the government focuses on the commercial transport mainly to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the US government stimulates the reduction of the fuel consumption by commercial vehicles offering recommendations contributing to the higher fuel efficiency along with the Department of Energy regulations that help to minimize the fuel consumption by commercial vehicles.Thus, the US is still the country, where the efficient energy transportation is rather a future opportunity than a part of the present life. In spite of the growing consciousness of Americans of the negative impact of greenhouse gas emissions caused by their cars on their environment and health along with efforts of the government to encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by transport, Americans still prefer using their priv ate cars, instead of using the public transport or bicycles.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman Quotes

Charlotte Perkins Gilman Quotes Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote in a variety of genres, including The Yellow Wallpaper, a short story highlighting the rest cure for women in the 19th century; Woman and Economics, a sociological analysis of womens place; and Herland , a feminist utopia novel. Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote in favor of equality between men and women. Selected Charlotte Perkins Gilman Quotations And woman should stand beside man as the comrade of his soul, not the servant of his body. In New York City, everyone is an exile, none more so than the Americans. It is not that women are really smaller-minded, weaker-minded, more timid and vacillating, but that whosoever, man or woman, lives always in a small, dark place, is always guarded, protected, directed and restrained, will become inevitably narrowed and weakened by it. The woman is narrowed by the home and the man is narrowed by the woman. It is the duty of youth to bring fresh new powers to bear on Social progress. Each generation of young people should be to the world like a vast reserve force to a tired army. They should life the world forward. That is what they are for. To swallow and follow, whether old doctrine or new propaganda, is a weakness still dominating the human mind. Until mothers earn their livings, women will not. So when the great word Mother! rang once more,I saw at last its meaning and its place;Not the blind passion of the brooding past,But Mother the Worlds Mother come at last,To love as she had never loved before To feed and guard and teach the human race. There is no female mind. The brain is not an organ of sex. Might as well speak of a female liver. The mother poor invaded soul finds even the bathroom door no bar to hammering little hands. The first duty of a human being is to assume the right relationship to society more briefly, to find your real job, and do it. Love grows by service. But reason has no power against feeling, and feeling older than history is no light matter. To be surrounded by beautiful things has much influence upon the human creature: to make beautiful things has more. We have built into the constitution of the human race the habit and desire of taking, as divorced from its natural precursor and comcomitant of making. The women who do the most work get the least money, and the women who have the most money do the least work. There should be an end to the bitterness of feeling which has arisen between the sexes in this century. Eternity is not something that begins after you are dead. It is going on all the time. It will be a great thing for the human soul when it finally stops worshiping backwards. Two persons love in one another the future good which they aid one another to unfold. In our steady insistence on proclaiming sex-distinction we have grown to consider most human attributes as masculine attributes, for the simple reason that they were allowed for men and forbidden to women. George Sand smokes, wears male attire, wishes to be addressed as Mon frà ¨re; perhaps, if she found those who were as brothers indeed, she would not care whether she were a brother or sister. Habits of thought persist through the centuries; and while a healthy brain may reject the doctrine it no longer believes, it will continue to feel the same sentiments formerly associated with that doctrine. The softest, freest, most pliable and changeful living substance is the brain the hardest and most iron-bound as well. Death? Why this fuss about death. Use your imagination, try to visualize a world without death! . . . Death is the essential condition of life, not an evil. When one is assured of unavoidable and imminent death, it is the simplest of human rights to choose a quick and easy death in place of a slow and horrible one. Related Resources for Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman PoemsThe Yellow Wallpaper - text About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote.

Foreseeability. Negligence and Tort Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Foreseeability. Negligence and Tort - Assignment Example The essence of existence of specific relationship between parties to establish negligence claims is based on the logic that such a claim can only arise in acts and omissions relating to these elements (Cooke, 2005, p. 12). Normally, it is assumed that such claims can be levelled against a third party because such party is liable for acts or omissions that led to harm, injury, or loss. However, in some circumstances, an individual may be in specific relationship with a third party and have a duty to control the conduct of the third party so as to prevent harm, injury, or loss to the claimant (Kidner, 2006, p.25). Control over the third party includes but not limited to the following: parent and child, car owner and a drunken or incompetent driver, mental hospital and patient, parent and child, and gaoler and prisoner. The need for control over a third party is informed by the position taken by Lord Goff in Smith v Littlewoods [1987] 1 All ER 710 at 731 when analyzing the rule of mere- omissions and making considerations for the exceptions to this rule. Lord Goff argued that there are some circumstances where the courts have established affirmative action duties. One of these circumstances is that the defendant has control over a third party who has caused damage to the claimant. Control over a third party is an affirmative action that has been given rise by a number of relationships. Examples of these relationships are parent and child and employer and employee, where the defendant has an affirmative duty to prevent harm (Kidner, 2006, p. 71). Normally, there should be a chain of causation between the negligence of the defendant and the damage caused to the claimant, as decided in Rouse v Squires [1973] QB 889. In such circumstances, the third party may be held liable for the claimant’s damage. However, where the defendant has control over a third party, or in circumstances where the third party is